Religion on social change Essay

This essay is to assess the contribution of religion as a cause of social change and what it has cause throughout the years, some say that religion acts as a conservative force, other say it is a major contributor of social change and some like to take the middle ground on this topic. Religion to sociologist can be seen in two types of ways which is either a conservative force (keeping thing the way they are) or a force for change. Those who see it as a conservative are the ones who believe it’s a force of stability and order whereas the force for change sociologist would say religion encourages societies to change. Religion being a conservative force function is to preserve status quo by maintaining traditional beliefs and maintaining patriarchy. Religion has many functions functionalist believe that religion maintains social solidity, social stability and a value consensus and is therefore supports religion being a concretive force. Marxist on the other hand see it as an ide ology that prevents social change by legitimating and reproducing inequality and also disguises exploitation. Feminist also believe religion being a conservative force is a negative force because it legitimates patriarchal power and maintains women’s subordination. Religion can be seen as a conservative force as well as being force for change, the most famous of these being Max Weber study of the protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism. Weber argues that the religious beliefs of the Calvinist helped bring about a major social change, specifically the emergence of modern capitalism in n northern Europe in the 16th and 14th centuries. The Calvinist had several distinctive beliefs which were: predestination which was that God has already predestination which souls will be saved and who’s not and that no individual can change that. Another belief of theirs is the divine transcendence which is that God is immortal and no human can claim to know his will (including priests) and which this combined creates that Weber refers to as ‘salvation panic’. One other belief the Calvinist believe in is asceticism which is being abstinence, having self discipline and self denial to just live a simple life as Jesus did. The last but no least belief is the idea of a vocation or calling which are defined by two functions, 1 is it helped the Calvinist to cope with their salvation panic as they took this as a sign of God’s favour ad their  salvation- for why else would they have prospered and 2 is their accumulated wealth by the most efficient and rational means possible and not spending it on luxuries but instead reinvesting it (which in Weber’s view is the spirit of modern capitalism). It is very important to note that Weber’s was not arguing that the Calvinist beliefs were the cause of modern capitalism but simply that they were one of its causes. Other societies had a higher rate of economic growth than northern Europe in the 16th and 17th century but failed to adopt modern capitalism. China and India were more materially advanced but didn’t adopt capitalism due to their lack of religious belief like the Calvinist. They promote rewards in the other life, good deeds and other goals that lacked the material drive that Calvinism created. Weber has theory has many criticisms some of these are that for example Kautsky argues that Weber overestimates the role of ideas and underestimates economic factors in bring capitalism in to being, he argues that in fact capitalism preceded rather than followed Calvinism . Similarly R.H Tawney argues that technological change, not religious ideas, caused the birth of capitalism. Weber has also been criticised because capitalism did not develop in every country where there were Calvinist, for example in Scotland. Steve Bruce is interested in the relationship between religion and social change, he therefore used two case studies to analyse this, The American civil rights movements and The New Christian Right. The new Christian movement is a religiously motivated movement to end racial segregation in America in the 1950s to 60s. The black clergy played a major role (Dr Martin Luther King) giving moral legitimacy to activists, they provided sanctuary and unity, appealed to common Christian values of equality. Bruce sees religion is an ideological resource he identified several ways in which religious organisations are well equipped to support protest and contributes to social change: 1) Taking the moral high ground which is the black clergy pointed out the hypocrisy of white clergy who preached ‘love thy neighbour’ but supported racial segregation, 2) channelling dissent is religion provides channels to express political dissent, For example the funeral of Martin Luther king was a rallying point for the civil right cause. 3) Acting as honest broker because churches can provide a context for negotiating changes because they are often respected by both sides in a conflict and see n as standing above ‘mere politics’ and lastly 4) Mobilising public opinion is  when black churches in the south successfully campaigned for support across the whole of America. It had the shared values of those in power and those in wider society and could use these to push for change. The New Christian Rights is a politically and morally conservative, protestant fundamentalist movement it has gained prominence since 1960s because of its opposition to the liberalising of American society. They want to take America ‘back to God’. As well as want abortion, homosexuality and divorce illegal and ban SRE in schools. They also want to bring back the traditional family and gender roles (patriarchy) and teach only the creationism, nothing about evolution or big bang theory. The new Christian right has been largely unsuccessful in achieving their aim, reasons are because the ‘moral majority’ was never a majority, but 15% of the population at most, also its campaigners find it difficult to cooperate with people from other religious groups and they lack widespread support and has met with strong opposition from groups who stand for freedom of choice. The new Christian rights is described as a failed movement for change , despite enormous publicity and a high profile in the media it has not achieved its aims of taking America ‘back to god’. In conclusion religion has played such a big role in past and current society, some might say for the best others may disagree. As in item A ‘†¦ religion can play an important part in bringing about social change for example religious ideas can be a powerful motivation for change, as Weber showed in his study of Calvinist.’ , as well as also campaigning for social reform.

Can Appointments Redefine Success?

It is difficult today to manage a handful of business cards. The great way to deliver business values and to increase in the customer loyalty is one to one appointments. There is no particular formula or not any kind of competition for setting appointments. Personal or face to face appointments can redefine success as the discussion is not done on the phone and does not involve any confusion. Organizations today are emphasizing on the personal or face to face meetings.This oldies the customer relations with the company and has great potential in closing the final deals. Major decisions, strategies and consulting is possible with a personal appointment. These are small things that can play a vital role in the success of the company. Below are benefits of appointments and face-to face meetings- Develop a personal relationship. Definitely, you can create relationships with a phone call, but it is more effective with a personal meeting. Impressive presentation will surely help develop a good relationship.Once you succeed in developing a relationship, you are more likely to make a sale. Easier to present your material- Once the appointment is set, you are sure that there would be confusion as you can present your material In person than it is over the phone. Further, In a face-to face meeting, you can get the prospect's undivided attention. Handing the Information- In today's technological era, it is very easy to email Information and many of us Ignore the Importance of handing somebody a hard copy. Deal In person and surely, you will get the success.Surely, setting an appointment can help redefine your success. You need to be keen on setting an appointment. Some simple tips can work wonders and can add to the success graph of the company. If you want to generate BIB appointments for the company's benefit, then keep on Improving the methods and the tools you are using to set appointments. Share what Is going on In your mind. Talk to people and discuss the ideas abou t the business leads and how to set appointments for further lead generation. If you have something out of the box, share It with others.Be yourself ND believe In your Ideas. If you are willing to take the business to a new level, hire people who can take the pressure and capacity. They can work hard to make your dream true. Working with people having lesser capableness will stop the growth and you will be out of the competition. Show confidence In your team and they will feel the need to prove their capableness and trust to you. They will succeed If they are working as per their rules and comfort. They should know that you have faith In them. Identify the weak points In your BIB appointment setting team.Check the telemarketing efforts and understand the reason of the failure. After Identifying the problems In the team, It Is easy to come up with a solution. After the problem Is solved, the team along with the business moves easier and faster. You should be able to strike the balanc e of creatively and business. Creative Ideas can give you some new ways to Implement business Ideas. People who can Implement these Ideas In reality are also Important for a business team. Face to face appointments will surely help you In success by evolving confusions.Develop good relationships and success will be simply yours. By b2bmarketingstrategies set, you are sure that there would be confusion as you can present your material in person than it is over the phone. Further, in a face-to face meeting, you can get the era, it is very easy to email information and many of us ignore the importance of handing somebody a hard copy. Deal in person and surely, you will get the success. Company's benefit, then keep on improving the methods and the tools you are using to set appointments. Share what is going on in your mind.Talk to people and discuss generation. If you have something out of the box, share it with others. Be yourself and believe in your ideas. If you are willing to take t he business to a new level, hire dream true. Working with people having lesser capabilities will stop the growth and you will be out of the competition. Show confidence in your team and they will feel the need to prove their capabilities and trust to you. They will succeed if they are working as per their rules and comfort. They should know that you have faith in them.Identify the weak points in your BIB appointment setting team. Check the telemarketing efforts and understand the reason of the failure. After identifying the problems in the team, it is easy to come up with a solution. After the problem is to strike the balance of creativity and business. Creative ideas can give you some new ways to implement business ideas. People who can implement these ideas in reality are also important for a business team. Face to face appointments will surely help you in success by avoiding confusions. Develop good relationships and success will

History of jazz Essay

Jazz is a form of American music which began in the 20th century though it has some of the elements of songs which had evolved in the late 19th century. It originated from the African Americans who were living in the southern parts of United States. Jazz is a combination of African and European traditions of music. Jazz developed mainly due to the cultural experiences which were being experienced by the African American as a result of slavery. Jazz is believed to have originated from the slave songs which the African Americans used to sing while working on the plantations. Music marked an important part of the lives of the African Americans and greatly influenced the American music industry to this day. The rhythms of ragtime were expressions of perseverance and the passion for the African Americans or the slaves to get freedom. During this period, also blues had been introduced which were songs that reflected the tribulations and trials of slavery live. Cultural experiences that the African Americans went through formed the themes of most of the songs . A brief history of African music In the African culture, music is highly esteemed and forms part of the daily life of a native African. The rhythm used in African songs and the pitch makes the African language sophisticated especially for accurate translation by non Africans. Music in African culture since time immemorial was and is still widely used in ceremonies and celebrations. Songs are sung by clapping, dancing and singing natural responses. Most of the African songs are call and response songs and this is done on varying degrees thus resulting to hetrophonic results. Unlike in western music which is characterized by complexity and polyrhythm and also polymeters, African music often evokes response of physical movement and at times calling for conscious response altering. Africans adopted the European 2 and 4 bar format beats which led to the evolution of syncopation. This syncopation made the audiences to clap their hands, dance and even tap their feet with such emotion which had not been experienced before in American music. The African music transformed the American music industry to this day . Roots of jazz music In the wake of 16th century, Europeans were using African slaves as laborers as well as their servants. Europeans had settled in the western hemisphere where they were setting up shops. They had also settled in the south and central parts of America as well as the northern parts which were commonly referred as new word (today’s United States). Slaves were mostly situated at the Caribbean where they got exposure to the music styles of the European music and also the western instruments which were being used in those areas. The culture of South Americans also influenced greatly the African slaves who were spending most of their time in the islands waiting to be bought and taken to the Caribbean islands . During the 16th century, slave trade had not reached the northern parts of America but in 1610, the first group of slaves was taken to North America through New Orleans ports. In Orleans, the slaves were taken to the southern plantations while some of the wealthy Orleans purchased some of the slaves. In south Orleans, Christianity had taken root with Catholic Church being dominant. This gave the slaves exposure to the Christian activities and immediately a chord was formed between the slaves and the church. This was mainly influenced by the similarities which existed between the African ritual and the Catholic Church practices. It is also believed that the call and response known as the Gregorian chants used by the catholic church also contributed greatly to the form of music that developed among the African slaves. Exposure to the western music and their instruments and also the Catholic Church practices and the experiences the slaves were undergoing in the foreign land led to the evolution of a homogenized cultural music. The songs were used by the African slaves to ease the pain they were going through while in slavery . Slaves also used music to tell stories of their ordeals, to celebrate and also as a means of looking for relief in God. The resulting culturization of the slave music formed the basis for their songs of the already settled Americans which they marked as their â€Å"own new music†. Work songs, spiritual songs and hollers became the starting point of gospel music which was mainly extracted from the New Testament. Story telling blues were also formulated during this period and these are believed to be the roots of the jazz music. The blues consisted of soulful flatted notes and a syncopated rhythm which evolved to be the ragtime music. This form of music was becoming popular mostly in America during the period. The freeing of slaves after the civil war led to public awareness of the existence of blues as well as jazz music which had the origin of the African slaves thus a black culture. However, before this time, slaves who were living in New Orleans used to meet at Congo square where they used to do and dance to music and also to compete musically. The band which won the weekly competition was given sponsorship to an establishment which was organized by the black musicians. These bands formed the initial origin of jazz in the northern America. Due to their influence in New Orleans, the black musicians were offered jobs in whore houses in story Ville which ensured they obtained a living in this place . Though after the civil war most of the African slaves were freed and allowed limited access to education, finding a decent job was difficult since the rate of discrimination was still very high. New Orleans provided a working environment for the musicians which could be termed as being â€Å"supportive† which made this place to become the hot spot for music such as blues and jazz. Increasing awareness of this forms of music also formed the center for the â€Å"American† music especially in the United States. During this period, cheap pianos were being sold thus the black musicians had access to them mostly in the whore house especially in New Orleans. The pianos helped in providing rhythmic and also harmonic basis for bands to perform spontaneously for their clients. A single musician could also sing using the piano thus increasing the popularity of African jazz and blues. Solo artists were performing for the saloons and also bordellos . The first recognized and accepted form of jazz style to be performed in the United States was done by the small black marching bands which were from New Orleans which was later branded the Dixieland. This jazz style was used in funeral marches. This music was based on the western music beat structure which was mixed with traditional marching using brass brand instruments. The black musicians then broke into solos which were improvised around a theme which was melodic and this was done simultaneously. Joyous celebrations then followed the burial as they celebrated the new life of the deceased. The improvised polytonality belonging to the native Africans was widely recognized in the structures of the population of the whites in the United States. During this festival or burial march, coronet, trombone, trumpet, drums and clarinet instruments were being used. Another instrument which was used was the banjo which the Americans had adopted from the instruments of native Africans. As such, almost all of the American music was rooted or has its originality from the Africans who were mostly slaves. African culture provided a rich music background which was easily and quickly adapted by the Americans. Jazz was one of the most predominant forms of music which the population of the United States imitated from the Native Africans . Despite the wide acceptance of jazz in New Orleans, it was not regarded as legitimate music especially by the music industry in Chicago and New York among other parts in the United States. During the 19th century and early 20th century, the center for fine arts in United States was located in New York and it was supporting only the highly educated and widely traveled musicians. This â€Å"high society† usually considered musicians and artists from Europeans music school. However, during the civil war era, black influence in the music industry started to creep slowly to the entertainment scene in New York. This was aided by the formation of minstrel show elements like the vaudeville and others. Ragtime was introduced in the United States which combined the blue tones and syncopation utilization but it was resisted. The â€Å"polite† society highly resisted this form of music terming it to be vulgar, suggestive and filthy. It was refereed to as African belly dance and was dismissed as the edition of orgies from Africa. These people also viewed it as a sex dance thus increasing their resistance and they advocated for its banishment from a society which was â€Å"polite† . During this period, most of the blacks were migrating to New York City thus increasing the influence of ragtime and dance hall music and the shows as well. A recording industry was also introduced in this city where most of the black musicians were migrating to record their songs. This place was later named Harlem and it opened the stage which led to an upheaval in the music industry of New York as well as the whole world. This formed a major historic part of the music industry in the United States and the origin of jazz music in New York City and the larger United States. In some parts of the east coast, jazz and blues were not recognized as being legitimate despite its influence in New Orleans. This place like the New York was inhabited by the high society people of the east coast. A group of whites citing the name original Dixieland jazz band recorded the first jazz in New York in the year 1917. Being white, the band tried to commercialize the viability of jazz music and in so doing; they visited Europe with their new format of Dixieland. This group is today credited for the spread of jazz to most parts of the world. However, despite their visit to Europe in 1917, jazz music had entered Europe in 1914 through black musicians. Europeans were less discriminatory on racial basis and were paying the black musicians better than in the United States. The black migration to Europe led to the establishment of the â€Å"hot club† which was located in Paris. African musicians thus contributed greatly to the history and evolution of music industry in Europe as well as in Americas . In 1924, jazz was presented to the high society of New York during a contest. The performance of the jazz band was stunning to the American people although it was criticized by one of the personality known as Martin Williams who was highly respected and a jazz critic. This performance made jazz to be more accepted in America broadly than during the first attempt. The era of post First World War led to high migration of most black musicians to Mississippi from the South and they went up to Chicago. This led to Chicago becoming a jazz’s and blues center in United States in the 1920’s. The south side of Chicago was mostly occupied by blacks some of them musicians who had migrated form south. During this time, the whites who were living in the northern parts of Chicago learned about jazz sounds thus there was competition between the northern white jazz musicians and the southern side black musicians. This competition was usually supportive and friendly. These musicians were also given exposure through the advent of commercial radio and a recording industry. Afro American influence had also been made valid thus giving the musicians a wider scope for their careers. However, there was a segregation system in the United States which was unfair to the blacks. Despite this segregation system, the music of the blacks and the whites reduced the boundaries which had existed before and this ultimately led to the development of Chicago blue scenes in the 1930’s. This also led to development of urban blues in some parts of the United States. Jazz music which was originally from the African slaves and the later migration to various parts of the United States helped in the establishment and growth of the music industry in this country as well as the whole world . Conclusion African music had a great influence and it formed the foundation of most of the Americas music. Slavery and the later migration were some of the major factors which contributed to the development and the spread of jazz music as well as other forms of music like blues. The rich African culture and music background combined with their experiences while in slavery as well as the influence of western culture and their instruments gave rise to the introduction of jazz music which has continued to be one of the most sought music. Apart from the influence that African Americans had on the American music, this music also changed the entire music industry in America and in most parts of the world. Introduction of jazz music and other African styles led to a complete overhaul in the music industry in America and also in Europe. Furthermore, jazz music helped in bridging the gap between the blacks and the white especially in Chicago. African American music has played a major role in the music industry in the United States and is credited as being the root of most of the music styles in this country.

Edwin Hubble Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Edwin Hubble - Essay Example (â€Å"Biography of Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953)†; â€Å"Edwin Hubble expands our view of the universe†) Edwin Hubble Powell, the son of an insurance executive was born in the small town of Marshfield, Missouri, USA on November 20, 1989 and moved to Wheaton, Illinois, before his first birthday. Nine years later in 1898, his family moved to Chicago, where he attended high school.   Edwin Hubble was a fine student and an even better athlete, having broken the Illinois State high jump record. As a young man, he was 6 feet 3 inches tall and very well coordinated, known especially for his talent at boxing, basketball and track (â€Å"Who Was Edwin Hubble?†). At his high school graduation in 1906, the principal said: "Edwin Hubble, I have watched you for four years and I have never seen you study for ten minutes.† He paused, leaving young Edwin on tenterhooks a moment longer, before continuing: "Here is a scholarship for the University of Chicago." (â€Å"Edwin Powell Hubble - The man who discovered the cosmos†) Edwin Hubble had studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Chicago and earned a Bachelor of Science (undergraduate) degree in 1910. Edwin Hubble went to Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship, where he did not continue his studies in astronomy, but instead studied law, following his father’s wishes. He also took up Literature and Spanish. (www.edwinhubble.com). In 1913, he returned to the United States and passed the bar examination and practiced law half-heartedly for a year in Kentucky. His family was living in Kentucky at that time. In the autumn of 1913, Hubble was hired by New Albany High School (New Albany, Indiana) to teach Spanish, Physics and Mathematics and to coach basketball. His popularity as a teacher is recorded in the school yearbook dedicated to him: "To our beloved teacher of Spanish and Physics, who has been a loyal friend to us in our senior year, ever willing to cheer and help us both

Hip-hop scholarly notes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hip-hop scholarly notes - Case Study Example ssay I will try to find out if sexism has anything to do with hip hop at all, analyze what things hip hop artists tend to accentuate in their lyrics and, finally, touch upon the issues of responsibility of hip hop artists for what they do. There is no doubt that sexism, which is typically more of a discrimination against women, is degrading. Unfortunately, there is ample evidence that sexist ideas are being exploited by hip hop artists to a certain extent. The harsh truth is that hip hop is mainly focused on sexist ideas because it sells well. And this, in turn, involves another issue, namely, the things that mainstream culture tolerates and things it rejects. The question is whether disruptive content is a problem of hip hop per se or simply a part of a highly commercialized music industry that is willing to accept things that may demean women, for instance (Rose 122). On the other hand, one may assume that honest narrative of hip hop lyrics, which may turn to sexist motifs from time to time, is actually about freedom of expression that allows reflecting a real state of things within our society. In fact, hip hop relies heavily on sexism as one of its topics. Yet at the same time, it might as well help young people f ocus on the problem and realize how to deal with it in reality. According to Rose, it is much easier to fight sexist ideas in hip hop than tackling sexist culture as a whole (150). In order to solve a problem one needs to identify it first, and hip hop serves this educative function pretty well. Obviously, hip hop is rather a consequence than a source of the problem here. Hip hop is, probably, the only popular music genre where autobiographical nature of lyrics prevails and is valued for (137). In their lyrics hip hop artists try to touch upon things they have been through themselves; in fact, hip hop is often perceived as an opportunity to speak up about the aspects of urban life that other music genres traditionally pay little attention to or none

Why Did Romans Fear Rule By Monarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Why Did Romans Fear Rule By Monarchy - Essay Example However, with Tarquinius Priscus, it was said that royal inheritance flowed from the female relations of the deceased monarch. The Roman kings were therefore chosen primarily on their virtues and not royal lineage. The powers wielded by the king are difficult to determine since some historians attribute them with those possessed by later Republican leaders, mainly the Consuls. Modern historians believe that Rome's kings were the chief executive for the senate and the people, and that real power was exercised by the people. Other historians believe that the king had the supreme power and the senate and people only had checks upon his power. The king had the sole right to auspice in behalf of Rome as its chief augur. No public business could be undertaken without consent of the gods whose will were made known through the auspices. Thus, the king is treated with reverence as he is considered the mediator between the gods and the people. The king is therefore the head of the national religion and the is its foremost religious executive. He had the power to control the Roman calendar. He also conducted all religious ceremonies, created lower religious officers, and appointed their officials. Aside from his religious authority, the king also held supreme military and judicial authority by virtue of the Imperium. It was his for life and was protected and gave him immunity from being tried for his actions. This allowed him to exercise vast military powers that could not be checked, for he was commander of all Roman legions. The kings wielded enormous power since there was also an absence of laws which protected citizens from the abuses of officials possessing the Imperium. The Imperium also allowed the king to make legal judgments since he also acts as the chief justice of Rome. He had overall jurisdiction over cases brought before him, whether they are civil or criminal, although he could also assign pontiffs to function as minor judges. The powers vested upon him by the Imperium made the king supreme in both peace and war. Although a council advices the king during trials, it has no power over the king and cannot control his decisions. Some historians believe that the king's decision was final and cannot be appealed. Others say that an appeal can be made by a patrician or member of the elite, during meetings of the Curiate Assembly, which elected magistrates and exercised judicial and legislative powers. The king also had the power to nominate or appoint all officials to offices. He appoints a Tribunus Celerum who is similar to the Praetorian Prefect, and served as the commander of the king's bodyguard. The king appointed the Tribune upon entering office and the Tribune was required to eave his office upon the death of the king. The Tribune was second in rank to the king and possessed the authority to convene the Curiate Assembly. The king also appointed the Praefectus Urbanus who performed the duties of warden of the city. The prefect assumed all the king's powers and abilities when the monarch is absent from the city. He assumed the king's power that he was also bestowed the Imperium while inside the city. There came a point in time when the king also acquired the sole right to appoint patricians to the senate. The Senate and the Curiate Assembly had very little power and authority under the Roman kings. They were not independent bodies that could meet and discuss affairs of state. They could only be convened by the king and their discussions are limited to matters which are presented before them by the monarch. The Curiate Assembly had the power to pas laws presented before

The Internal Control Environment Research Proposal

The Internal Control Environment - Research Proposal Example Risk assessment is the component which enables the management to assess and analyze the risk associated with the accomplishment of objectives (Biegelman para.12). As in TPC, the elements of risk assessment includes an analysis of all three divisions and realizing the sources which could probably lead to control failure. For this purpose, TPC must set an internal control objective and then figure out the causes which would lead to deviations from the objective. Risk assessment is the component which enables the management to assess and analyze the risk associated with the accomplishment of objectives (Biegelman para.12). As in TPC, the elements of risk assessment includes an analysis of all three divisions and realizing the sources which could probably lead to control failure. For this purpose, TPC must set an internal control objective and then figure out the causes which would lead to deviations from the objective. The third component includes control activities or policies to create and implement strategies throughout the organization that ensures that objectives of internal control and minimization of risk would be achieved (Biegelman para.12). The major elements of this component are verification, performance reviews and separation of responsibilities etc. At TPC, this component involves implementing strategies and policies at headquarter as well as the three separate divisions. These policies might include a thorough system of performance measurement as well as control procedures (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations). The fourth component of internal control refers to management information and communication which entails communicating with employees on the internal control objectives as well as procedures and to instigate their efforts in meeting the goals (Biegelman para.12). TPC needs to enhance communication and information system among all the three divisions so as to ensure that the objective is communicated all over the organization.   The fifth and last component of internal control refers to monitoring which involves overseeing the whole internal control process and procedure to know if the process is carried out as planned and proceeding towards the desired objectives. The TPC’s management, as well as independent auditors, could keep a check over the proceeding of the control procedure in the organization and achievement of internal control objectives (Biegelman para.12).  Ã‚  Ã‚  

What is Technology Green Architecture and Green Electricity Essay

What is Technology Green Architecture and Green Electricity - Essay Example Wheel is considered to be the basis of technological advancement and is still considered to be one of the most influential technological development that mankind has seen. It was during 1760 to 1850 that there was a spurt of developments in technology (Ashton, 1969). This period is often referred to as industrial revolution (Ashton, 1969). Technology was introduced initially in the agriculture industry to facilitate food production. This intensified food production and food processing. However, these technological innovations brought forth massive changes in the life styles and life processes of people. The operational pattern of textile, metal, transportation and some of the other industries were the first ones to get influenced by technology(Ashton, 1969). Later technology was introduces in all spheres of life and was exported across nations. However, technological advancements also resulted in the inappropriate and over exploitation of resources. For example, technological advance ments in oil mining have resulted in overexploitation of fossil fuels. Technology in aviation and transportation in general has caused emissions causing detrimental effects in climate and environment.This indiscriminate advancement of technology has made the scientific fraternity think about technologies like Green Architecture and Green Electricity. Green Architecture Green Architecture refers to a school of thought in the field of architecture which involves minimal use of non-renewable resources and also results in minimal pollution of the environment Vohra S (2007). The facilities created by green architects will ensure optimal utilization of resources like energy, water etc. A sustainable approach is followed in the technologies employed in green architecture. It has been reported that the first green office was built in 1985 in the US (McDonough, 2006). Examples of technologies which go into a green building are water recycling units, traditional roof tops using indigenous mat erials ensuring absorption of heat, indoor greenery, natural light management using sunlight oriented construction, weather proof building skin, solar power, social spaces and waste management technologies(McDonough, 2006). Corporate companies are ensuring that their offices are constructed using green technologies. Green Electricity Green electricity is another technology developed by the industry which is oriented on a sustainability approach. This includes processes to harness energy with least environmental pollution. Some examples of green electricity are wind power, solar energy, geothermal power, anaerobic digestion, biomass power, tidal power and some forms of nuclear power (McDonough, 2006). As many of the technologies which produce green electricity depend on decomposition of waste, this has a mutually beneficial effect. The Benefits The primary benefit of green architecture is that it provides low cost housing. The various green technologies incorporated in a green buildi ng will ensure considerable reduction in green gas emissions (Sunday, O, Suneetha S & , Ademola B K ,2010). It must be noted here that buildings, especially urban architecture is a major contributor to green gas emissions (Sunday, O, Suneetha S & , Ademola B K ,2010). An example to this is the air conditioners, which produces a large quantum of carbon emissions. Green building technologies incorporates changes in roofing which absorbs heat. Moreover Green Technology has come up with evaporative cooling systems which reduce emission (Vohra ,2007). Along with it, it has been reported that a large quantum of energy consumption is caused by buildings. Thus Green Architecture will help in the reduction of global energy consumption. The case of

Medical Law, Morality and Legal Duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Medical Law, Morality and Legal Duties - Essay Example The discussion seeks to answer the question: Does the law on abortion and euthanasia reflect moral obligations of society, or communal outlooks? Hart’s claims that legal duties must be effectively accepted as common public standards of official behaviour. Although a positivist, there are connotations of morality Hart’s theory, which requires that legal duties correspond to moral obligations in order to have legal effect. If reference is to be made to social norms which provide the basis of validity for legal duties, the proposition coincides rather well. Positivists do not deny a connection between law and morality; they argue that legal duties are not affected by moral obligations. However, heated public debate on abortion and euthanasia strongly suggest otherwise. Yet, it could be argued that despite the fact that many may disagree with it, the law in the UK prohibits euthanasia. Does this mean that the criminalisation of euthanasia would reflect moral obligations? It can be accurately stated that perhaps the most important moral obligation is to preserve the sanctity of life. In this respect, legal duties have been created by moral obligations. Yet the law on abortion permits what could be termed as the killing of a human being. How can the law allow acts which essentially obliterate the moral obligation to preserve life? The conflicting elements provided by this proposition highlight the complexity of the interplay between legal duties and moral obligations; not every situation is able to be dealt with similarly, despite the fact that it may essentially be based on the same moral or legal basis.9 It is not a simple application of moral obligations to legal duties or vice versa – there is a complex interconnection between conflicting rights and clashing elements. Yet the fact that some may not agree with legal duties in relation to these aspects does not necessarily reduce their validity as law per se. Indeed, Kelsen states that the scie nce of law does not prescribe that one ought to obey the commands of the creator,10 though Hart refers to notions of fairness in order to argue the importance of legal duties.11 If one applies this issue to the courtroom, the attention appears to turn to moral obligations as bases of legal duties. Presented with often vague legislative provisions of law, judges must apply such vague terms to complex, real-life situations. Therefore, a law which prohibits

Safety Training Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Safety Training Program - Assignment Example The goals will be to educate workers on handling procedures; hazards associated with chemicals, how to read safety, and were they are stored. The Hazard Communication Act or Hazcom was developed after The Right-To-Know Act of 1986. Its goals are to boost employee awareness, evaluate job safety, design safe work procedures, assign personal protective equipment where needed. Employees need to know about this activity so they will not be afraid to speak up and ask questions about their working conditions (Lang 2010). After internship experiences from questions that I asked from employees that worked out in energy plants, I began to realize a lack of training on knowledge of safety for working around chemicals, handling chemicals, and the storage of chemicals. Training is one of the best methods because it gives the employee the knowledge needed to understand the subject. It can also give examples of what can go wrong if they are not handled properly. This will give a great picture of what is expected of them. The employees of any work location that handles any kind of chemicals in their daily work setting. It can even be someone that works with them every day or someone that only handles them once a week. The employees that do not handle any chemicals should have training on the subject as well so they are a clear understanding of safety as well. The delivery I would like to give would be in a multitude of ways. Like classroom time with PowerPoint slides, visual pictures of what can go wrong, in the field training, and some testing to see if the employees were getting the material.

Make a title Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Make a title - Essay Example A further analysis of the reconstruction era with respect to its objectives, strengths and weaknesses of the specific plans formulated during the drastic reforms period of American states. During the period 1863-1866, Andrew Johnson and President Abraham Lincoln strongly stood on the proposition of re-instating the South back as fast as they could, but this was hindered with forces of the Radical republicans. The radical Republicans position was just to bar such noble idea from attaining its objective and thus they imposed harsh terms and ensured that the rights of the freedmen were upheld to the latter. The Johnson’s policy was viewed to be moderate and hence seen as underrating American freedmen to children. Lincoln agitated for a nation from discrimination and any other form of segregation towards the nationals. This was an exact contract of the school of thought of Abraham, who could be heard in his speeches to depict an enfranchisement of the freedmen (Roark et al. 159). Johnson was steadfast in lobbying for an equal society where even the positions of leadership and access to natural resources is free and fair for everyone. The election of the Congress in 1866 in the North brought about a paradigm shift of policies. The Radicals took control of the policies, by removing former confederates from power. There was also formulation of policies towards establishing a society free from free labor. There was increased protection of the rights of the freedman, an act formulized through the Freedman’s Bureau. Better contractual terms could now be negotiated besides setting up churches and school for them. The congress further passed the Force Acts, to protect African Americans in the South by ensuring that their rights and privileges prevail at all times. Under the presidential reconstruction, the end of May 1865, President Andrew Johnson announced his strategies towards

Origins of Cold War Essay Example for Free

Origins of Cold War Essay The Cold War was one of the most important historical events in the world, which had created a great impact that is still felt within the international community. The United States and the Soviet Union became the two most influential and powerful forces during this era. The relationship between the two former allies was anchored on political, ideological and economic interests, which at the end of the Second World War came as threats wherein developed bitterness and rivalry for power over the years (Hoesel, 1992). The Cold War which has been referred to as the period of â€Å"elusive peace† dictated that the United States of America as the world’s leading hegemonic power, with the defeat and disintegration of the Soviet Union at the end of the war. The Cold War indeed has been a conflict involving former allies, United States of America and the Soviet Union due to the difference in political ideologies held by the two superpowers (Nosotro, n.d).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The difference in political ideologies caused the development of animosity and hostility between United States and the Soviet bloc. The United States having been supportive of capitalism clashed with the communist Soviet Union (Nosotro, n.d). Although there had been no direct confrontation between the two world superpowers, indirect confrontations among the United States and Soviet allies were enough to assess the impact of the Cold War. Economic, political and military affairs of the two states and their allies underwent massive policy changes in order to keep abreast with the happenings during the Cold War. The â€Å"arms race† was one of the most important indirect military offensives that took place between United States and Soviet Union, both states trying to produce more sophisticated weapons ahead of the other. This in turn created a great impact on the two states’ economic and social services sectors (Kishlansky, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As such, the political allies of both United States and Soviet Union were also affected as both governments of the two states worked towards spreading influences in less developed countries. The series of decolonization became rampant and emphasized in regions such as Asia, Latin America, Africa and Middle East. And as such, the conflicts brought by the Cold War were instantly shifted and transmitted within these areas (â€Å"The Elusive Peace The Cold War,† 1992). References Hoesel, F.V. (1992). The Soviet Union and the United States. Soviet Archives Exhibit. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/soviet.exhibit/intro2.htmls Kishlansky, M. (2005) Civilization in the West, Volume C (since 1789), 7th edition. Nosotro, R. (n.d). The cold war. Hyperhistory. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/big/w30coldwar.htm The elusive peace the cold war. (1992). History World International. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http://history-world.org/coldwar.htm

Conflict Analysis Case Study: Nestlé

Conflict Analysis Case Study: Nestlà © Business is a never ending race and in the fast running world of business, there is variety of products and shops, showrooms, setups and etc. The main purpose of this report concerns the research managing conflicts in organization. The organization that is chosen for our research report is Nestlà ©. Data and observation analysis, recommendations for managing conflicts is also discussed. The methods used for collecting data for this report are surveys, questionnaires, personal observations, personal interviews, newspapers, internet etc. In the first section, we had given an introduction about the chosen organization Nestlà © and then a brief description about nature of conflict in the organization and its various types and causes of conflict. The second section is consists of literature review, in which we had discussed the theories and research papers of different researchers where they explain about conflicts and its causes in an organization and moreover how an organization can prevent those conflicts with best possible solution. The third section comprises of research methodology, research nature, data collection techniques and sampling method. In section forth we have scrutinized the primary data by different graphical and statistical tools. In final section we have given possible conclusions along with recommendations. CHAPTER # 1 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO NESTLÉ Nestlà © was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlà © with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland. It has employed around 250,000 people and has factories or operations in almost every country in the world. It is one of the worlds biggest food and Beverage Companies. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. 1.2: PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The purpose of the research is to find the variable which has leads towards conflicts in Nestlà © Organization. The main purpose of the research is, firstly, to identify the causes of conflicts in Nestlà © and, secondly, to manage conflicts in Nestlà © organization. 1.3: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY All of us experience some type of conflicts in our daily lives. Tensions, antagonisms, and frustrations always occur when people work together. There are disagreements, perhaps even fights, between employees and the supervisor or between co-workers. Aside from personality clashes, people simply have different viewpoints about the way things should be done. The main purpose of conducting the research is to find out the conflicts, and finding the ways to manage and solve them in an organisation. In this context we have got the opportunity to conduct our research on one of the top organizations (Nestlà ©). 1.4: DEFINITION OF CONFLICT Conflict is defined as the state of discord caused by perceived or actual opposition of needs, interests and values. A conflict can be internal or external. The concept of conflict can help to explain many social aspects of life such as social disagreement, fights between individuals, groups, or organizations and conflict of interests. Conflict as taught for graduate and professional work in conflict resolution which is defined as when two or more parties, with perceived incompatible goals, seek to undermine each others goal seeking capability. However, conflict can also occur in cooperative situations, in which two or more individuals or parties have consistent goals, because the manner in which individuals or party tries to reach their goal can still undermine the other individuals or party. 1.5: NATURE OF CONFLICT Conflict may constructively be viewed as resulting from differing belief systems, varied perspectives on the situation and values resulting from participants accumulated life experience and conditioning, differing interests and objectives. Effectively dealing with conflict requires the expression and management of participants varying interests, belief systems, perspectives and values. Through the integration of participants perspectives, belief systems, interests and values, conflict and conflict resolution play important roles in individual and social evolution and development. Conflict arises when one or more participants view the current system as not working. At least one party is adequately unhappy with the position, that they are willing to own the conflict and speak with the hope of being able to influence the situation to arrive at an improved condition. Conflict may be sight as a process we put ourselves through to attain a new condition and self definition. Through conflict we have opportunities to be artistically self-defining. If nothing else, conflict allows us in future to do things differently. Through the resolution of conflict, we can evolve and redefine ourselves, our community, our relationships our society and our world. 1.6: LEVELS OF CONFLICT 1.6.1: Inter divisional conflict Inter divisional conflicts exists between the perceiver and another individual within the organization. Although the other person does not need to be aware of the conflict, the perceiver of the conflict situation recognizes the present or future impact conflict can have on job performance. 1.6.2: Intra group conflict Intra group conflicts occur between perceiver and his or her immediate group within the organization. The immediate group can consist of work team, department or union. Whether fully or only superficially aware of the conflict issue, the perceiver realizes that the conflict can directly or indirectly affect job performance. 1.6.3: Inter group conflict It arises between the perceivers immediate group and another group within the organization. Again, the perceivers involvement may not be critical, but he or she must be aware of the situation and the potential impact the conflict can have on work performance. 1.6.4: Organizational conflict Organizational conflict is a state of disagreement caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together. 1.7: TYPES OF CONFLICT A conceptual conflict can rise into a verbal exchange or result in fighting.Conflict can exist at a variety of types. These are Community conflict Diplomatic conflict Emotional conflict Environmental resources conflict Group conflict Ideological conflict Interpersonal conflict Inter-societal conflict Intrapersonal conflict Organizational conflict Religious-based conflict and Workplace conflict. 1.8: CAUSES OF CONFLICTS 1.8.1: Authority relationship Authority Relationship conflicts occur because of the existence of strong pessimistic emotions, misperceptions or stereotypes, poor communication or miscommunication, or repetitive negative behaviors. Authority relationship problems often increase disputes and lead to an unnecessary rising spiral of destructive conflict. Supporting the secure and balanced expression of perspectives and emotions for acknowledgment (not agreement) is one effective approach to managing relational conflict. 1.8.2: Management style For any organization to be effectual and efficient in achieving its goals, the people in the organization need to have a common vision of what they are determined to achieve, as well as clear objectives for each individual, group/ team and department. Management style also needs ways of recognizing and resolving conflict between people, so that conflict does not become so serious that collaboration becomes impossible. The management of any organization needs to have ways of keeping conflict to a minimum and of solving problems caused by conflict, before conflict becomes a major obstruction to work. Management style helps to avoid conflict where probable and organizing to resolve conflict where it does happen, as rapidly and smoothly as possible. 1.8.3: Communication barriers: Conflict will be greater when barriers to communication exist. If parties are separated from each other physically or by time e.g.; the day shift versus the night shift-the opportunity for conflict is increased. To illustrate suppose a company employs only one plant supervisor, who works the day shift and leaves orders at the beginning of each week for the workers on the night shift. By the end of the week, how ever, these orders have been only partially carried out. The supervisor cannot figure out why. Obviously, the supervisor absence from the night shift has posed a communication barrier, which in turn causes decreased output. As Bryans, P, Cronin argued in 1984 that Space or time separations could promote isolated group interests rather than advance a common effort towards joint goals. 1.8.4: Personal factor 1.8.4.1: Behavioral The way emotional experience gets expressed which can be verbal or non-verbal and intentional or un-intentional. 1.8.4.2: Physiological Its defined as the bodily experience of emotion. The way emotions make us feel in comparison to our identity. 1.8.4.3: Cultural values Culture tells people who are a part of it, Which emotions ought to be expressed in particular situations and what emotions are to be felt. 1.8.4.4: Physical This escalation results from anger or frustration. 1.8.4.5: Verbal This escalation results from negative perceptions of the annoyers character. 1.9: WAYS OF ADRESSING CONFLICTS There are basically five ways of addressing conflicts which were identified by Thomas and Kilman in 1976. These are 1.9.1: Accommodation Ones party surrenders its own needs and wishes to accommodate the other party. 1.9.2: Avoidance Avoid conflict by ignoring it, changing the subject, etc. As an expedient means of dealing with very minor, non-recurring conflicts or Avoidance can be useful as a temporary measure to buy time. In many cases, conflict avoidance involves severing a relationship. 1.9.3: Collaboration Working together can find a mutually beneficial solution. Collaboration can also be inappropriate and time-intensive. When there is not enough respect, trust or communication among participants for collaboration to occur. 1.9.4: Compromise Finding a centre point where each party is partially satisfied. 1.9.5: Competition Take the ones point of view at the potential expense of another. It can be more useful when achieving the ones objectives outweighs ones concern for the relationship CHAPTER # 2 2.1: LITERATURE REVIEW Different researchers have published their reviews on conflicts in the organization. We are viewing two best reviews of the researchers articles. Mr. Philips in 1982 threw light on some of key conditions, which may lead to serious organizational conflicts; he gave his views in the book named as Community in Organization. According to M Phillips certain social relationships characterized various kinds of conflict behavior. Each one could occur in your work area. The more aware the managers are of these conflict settings, the better are the chances of correcting them and running a smooth operation. Mr. Philip identified communication as problem in his research. The causes of conflicts are structural factors, authority relationships, common resources, goal differences interdependence, jurisdictional ambiguities, specialization, status-inconsistencies, personal factors, communication, conflict management style, cultural differences, emotions, perception, personalities, skills and abilities, values and ethics. The researcher found a possible solution; it is obvious that a perfect communication system is unlikely. But also perfectio n like rationality will not be achieved; organizations do have mechanism by which they can attempt the communication system as clear as they can. Philips also suggested that there are such devices available which can reduce the distortion and complications in communication process and suggested that communication recipients should be aware of the biases of the message senders and protect their own counter biases as protection devices. James M Leif John M Penrose in 1997 in the book Business Strategies Skills 5th Edition explained the nature of organizational conflicts identify the causes of conflicts i.e. Structural Factors, Common Resources , Goal Differences , Interdependence ,    Jurisdictional Ambiguities, Inconsistencies ,Personal Factors Communication barriers, Conflict management style ,Cultural differences ,Emotions Perception, Personalities, Skills and abilities, Values and Ethics, Behavioral and Physiological Cognitive. The researchers say that it is possible to avoid conflict by having mechanism such as voting to make decision without the disagreement of consensus. They also find that behavioral regulation fail to match the individual need of employee, conflict is bound to occur. In 1995 B R Siwal in his research Resolution Strategies to Conflict describes that conflict is a necessary and integral part of effective problem solving and realistic discussions. It is core sound of decision making because disagreement is the best vehicle for enlargement the perspective, discovering alternatives, and motivating creative interaction among each member. The effects of disagreement, though, depend on how it is administer by team members. Conflict can be integrative and constructive or it can be distributive and disruptive. When mismanagement occur, conflict can demolish team effectiveness, when handled well it can deeply enhance the quality of team work and make members sense proud of their work in the team. Training in the nature of conflict and the ways of managing it is an imperative need of all the people who participates in problem solving groups, such as those that make up work teams. The negative association of conflicts wants to be dispelled and substitute with more practical conceptions that made the justifiable distinction between disruptive and constructive conflict. When team members see that conflict can be a positive strength in conversation, they are better prepared to take up effective proposal attitudes and behaviors in trouble solving situations. Further more the differences between integrative and distributive conflict can help them learn how their own behavior contributes to the atmosphere of the team which they belong. Davor Dujak in 2008 describes in his research that in every organization conflict encounters on a daily basis. The conflict cannot be avoided but it is probable to mange them in a way that we identify them on time. It is essential to constantly track the organizational signals which position to their existence. If Organization does not respond accordingly, this can lead to the condition that conflict itself manages the organization. One of the more important determinants of productivity, performance and efficiency and finally the job satisfaction is also the conflict as an independent variable of organizational behavior. By systematic research of organizational behavior we want to make a positive influence on the dependents variables, but first we have to realize and get a good approaching to the individual elements of organizational behavior. In 2004 Melanie Lewis describes in her research that if conflict managed poorly or avoided, it can be very costly to an organization. If managed well, conflict presents an opportunity to uncover significance and promote a healthy work place. Many organizations are finding that their conflicts management systems have been good by financial investments, generating a healthy return. In additional they are recognizing the value of many less substantial benefits (lower turnover, increased efficiencies, improved morale and improve public relations). A precise four phased process assessment, design, implementation, operation and evaluation helps organizations design effective conflict management systems to gather the maximum benefit of conflict system. Moreover this four phased approach strongly encourages the team actually to seek to understand and incorporate the needs and interests of all affected constituency, and creates an environment in which the benefits of the system can be effecti vely communicated, implemented and administered. In 2010 De Dreu C.K describes in his research that conflict is a multidimensional with both relationship and task forms. Hence it is expected that if they change the managing type of conflicts, it will plays an important role in organizational performance. While if organization did not manage good, the conflict will plays a negative role. However the researcher discussed only two types of conflicts in his research namely affective and task conflict in order to play better role in organizational performance. After studying the reviews of different researchers our group decided that we will follow the research methodology of M Philip because they dictate information about factors which are important for identifying conflicts and understanding the meaning of conflict and how it influences the organizations internal environment in solving problems. CHAPTER # 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1: Research type: The type of research that we are conducting is applied research because it is conducted for a particular organization. Applied research is practical applicability of research tools on a particular organizational situation. 3.2: Data collection We will be collecting our data by using two sources which are as follows. 3.2.1: Primary data Our primary data is collected through conducting interviews and designed questionnaires from managers and employees of Nestlà ©. 3.2.2: Secondary data The secondary data is collected from past records of Nestlà © and books along with business articles to support our recommendations and suggestions. 3.3: Sample size During this survey we have taken responses from a Sample size of 30 which is further divided into two groups. We also conducted survey from 10 managers and 20 employees. The sampling type that we used is non random sampling technique because we want to get information from every third employee and manager of Nestlà © organization. Our survey is in questionnaire and interview form, so our questionnaires consist of open ended and close ended questions. We have conducted unstructured interviews, asked from the respondents to get more information. CHAPTER # 4 ANALYSIS 4.0: INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is a practice in which the raw data is ordered and organized in order to extract useful information from it. The process of organizing and thinking about data is the key to understand what the data does and does not contain. There are varieties of ways in which people can approach data analysis, and it is infamously easy to manipulate data during the analysis phase to push certain conclusions. There are different methods for analyzing the data for example surveys, charts, frequency tables, graphs and personal observations etc. We have analyzed our data through frequency tables and bar charts. 4.1: FREQUENCY TABLE Frequency table is one of the important concepts in mathematical statistics and a good analyzing tool. A table divided into cells by category with counts for each category in each cell. It is a kind of display of a given data, in which the frequency of each data item is found. The frequency of a data item is the number of times it occurs in the data set. 4.2: BAR GRAPH A graph consisting of parallel, usually vertical bars or rectangles with lengths proportional to the frequency with which specified quantities occur in a set of data. A bar graph is a pictographic version of statistical data in which the independent variable can attain only certain discrete values. The dependent variable may be discrete or continuous. The most common form of bar graph is the vertical bar graph, also called a column graph. This type of display allows us to: Compare groups of data, and To make generalizations about the data quickly. 4.3: ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRES 4.3.1: FROM MANAGEMENT 1) More than the desired output of the employees make can be harmful to the organization? a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 9 No 02 1 Table: 4.3.1. Graph: 4.3.1.0 2) There is a free flow of communication among the employees: a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 10 No 02 0 Table: 4.3.1.1 Graph: 4.3.1.1 3) Employees are properly informed about decision taken? a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 7 No 02 3 Table: 4.3.1.2 Graph: 4.3.1.2 4) There is a consistency among the management policies: a) YES b) NO Variables Codes Frequency Yes 01 8 No 02 2 Table: 4.3.1.3 Graph: 4.3.1.3 5) Key post should be through:     Ã‚  Ã‚  a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direct Appointment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  b) Promotion Variables Codes Frequency Direct appointment 01 8 Promotion 02 2 Table: 4.3.1.4 Graph: 4.3.1.4 4.3.2: FROM EMPLOYEES 1) From how long have you been working in this organization?   6 months 1 year 3 years Or more than 3 years Variables Codes Frequency 6 months 01 4 1 year 02 2 3 years 03 10 Or more than 3 years 04 4 Table: 4.3.2.0 Graph: 4.3.2.0 2) What kind of boss do you like to work with?   Friendly Competent Leant Difficult Variables Codes Frequency Friendly 01 17 Competent 02 3 Leant 03 0 Difficult 04 0 Table: 4.3.2.1 Graph: 4.3.2.1 3) Which type of leaderships style do you like the most? Autocratic Democratic Variables Codes Frequency Autocratic 01 18 Democratic 02 2 Table: 4.3.2.2 Graph: 4.3.2.2 4) How does your management is doing the evaluation among the employees? Performance base Merit base Variables Codes Frequency Performance base 01 18 Merit base 02 2 Table: 4.3.2.3 Graph: 4.3.2.3 5) Which management level should be responsible for problems between employees? Choose any of the following Top level Middle level Lower level Variables Codes Frequency Top level 01 2 Middle level 02 17 Lower level 03 1 Table: 4.3.2.4 Graph: 4.3.2.4 Q6: How do you communicate the unforeseen problem with your manager or general manager?   Answer: Most of the respondents suggested that they like to meet the general managers directly for any unforeseen events. Q7: Do you think your organization should involve the employees in decision making? And why?   Answer: Most of employees consider that their managers are capable of taking right decisions and there is no need of involving employees. While few of them suggested that it can be a source of new and creative ideas. Q8: What can you suggest for a better management system?   Answer: Most of the employees have no idea about it. Few of them believe that friendly environment and better salaries can improve management system. 4.6: INTER ORGANISATIONAL CONFLICTS OF  NESTLÉ The nature conflicts in Nestlà © found out through the unstructured interviews and through questionnaire with the directors the managers of Nestlà © Peshawar are as follows: The first thing which found, was the lack of training given to the employees, managers said that in the organization, employees always have to work together in groups, and if some one feels that he/she cannot work within the group, then there is some problem with that employee, but at the same time managers said that it is the organizations responsibility to teach the employees how to work together in groups through proper training. They mentioned that without training the organizations might face serious types of irresolvable conflicts, which are definitely not fruitful to the organization. The second main reason mentioned by the manager of the company was the Selection Biases, manager said that selection biases may also lead to conflicts within the company, and these conflicts are normally personal as well. The manager said that if in cases the top management (directors) interferes in the process of hiring the employees, they might select the wrong person for the right job. On the other hand there may be serious conflicts going on between the managers the directors on the issues of authority and responsibility balance. Further if the manager takes big decisions like job confirmation salary decisions then, there may be conflicts, and these must be taken by the top management (directors). The manager of Nestlà © also raised the point of communications problem. They believe that every information must be communicated from their tables. If in any case any employee bypasses the manger, there may be a conflict between them. Manager also said that there is no need of any employee who bypasses the manager to access to the top management (directors). Usually the organizations do have Coordinators who are directly answerable to the top management. He said that the manager will not be able to properly deal with him and conflicts between them will arise. The manager said that young unmarried employees usually indulge in office politics and make conflicts among the employees. According to him only married and experienced persons should be provided with the jobs. Racial problems also create conflicts among the employees. Bad attitude of the manager and arrogant nature of the boss is also one reason of conflicts. The manager said that effective person but highly cooperative person would be proffered in place of an efficient but uncooperative one. The managers presented the following ideas to prevent conflicts: Contractual Jobs Hire fire system. Authority to the managers Some of them had a bit different views. Director held the middle managements capabilities responsible for the conflicts within the organization. He also said that there is no relationship between the authority and reasonability with the conflicts. He proffered the autocratic style of management in the beginning, but it should be shifted to the democratic style in the later portions. Director said that although the centralized system slows down the process of working, but it will also decrease the conflicts between the employees. They said that, if you (Employee) have to be successful in the company, then you have to become a big YES SIR. One of the director also mentioned that horizontal conflicts are more common. Super seeded persons normally indulge in making conflicts. He said that super seeded persons should be terminated in place of super seeding them. Dress code can experience the anger from the employees due to Ethnic affiliations to some dresses. Directors were strongly in favor of Coordinator, they said that a coordinator channels the communication process between the manager and the top management. He also gave the following ideas to prevent the possible conflicts in the organizations: Promotions Clear line of Authority Not more than one employee from same Regional locations and same institutions/Universities. CHAPTER # 5 5.1: CONCLUSION The Organizational Conflicts is itself not a problem, but it is a serious symptom of some factors that are usually ignored while designing the organizational structures. From the literature review, taking samples (convenience) analysis of the data gathered, some factors are identified that usually are the root cause of the conflicts. Some of these are: Ethnicity Personal Jealousy Arrogant behaviors (low temperament) Communication problems Due to the nature of the issue the responses from the top (Directors), middle (Managers) lower management (Employees) were totally contrary with each other. For this purpose structured questionnaires (covering both open ended and close ended questions) and unstructured interviews were conducted. That made the deductions possible by comparing the verbal and non verbal responses, rephrasing the same questions two-three times to check the consistency of the replies. The ethnic issue is the most important. Due to ethnicity no sampled branch has been successful in implementing the dress code yet. Even though, all the respondents favoured it. It is observed that employees belonging to KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA are very low tempered. Their frequency of jobs switching is higher than others. It proves that they cannot work in teams and work with an arrogant manager. To conclude, who should be held responsible for conflicts, the manager is the key person who channels the communication whether upward or down ward. 5.2: RECOMMENDATIONS The current thinking should be for the maximum utilization of the companys resources and to push the power and decision making authority down the hierarchy of the organization. This can create more power and flexibility within the company as a whole. Good leaders should not have any problem in delegating power and responsibility. Disagreement with the supervisor should be encouraged as long as it leads to productive results. It is critical for the manager to get diverse work force to work well together and respect their differences. Diversity should be encouraged because it can help the organization in future to adapt to the changing global market. All problems can be prevented from happening and/or rectified, if the middle management (Manager) of the company justifies its position. Middle management plays an anchor role. Manager should be able to deal with all the employees who have different cultural backgrounds, personalities priorities. Hiring experienced and matured managers and providing them training could help the case. On job training of the employees. Open house discussions should be there at least one a month. While assigning the groups to the employees for tasks, it must be assured that all the groups are properly matched. REFERENCES http://www.google.com.pk/ B R Siwal http://www.scribd.com/doc/19166679/Conflict-Resolution Jeremy.Cooper.SF.FIN.http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:TvBuLFIn6cIJ:www.asic.gov.au/asic/pdflib.nsf/LookupByFileName/managing_conflicts_of_interest.pdf/%24file Participation Observation Research Method: Analysis Participation Observation Research Method: Analysis Participation Observation Research Participant observation is a method of collecting qualitative data in social research. This method involves the immersion of the researcher in the subject matter so that it can be observed in its natural setting. It involves variable levels of involvement of the researcher on a continuum ranging from passive (observation) to active (participation). The distinction between participation and observation is based on the closeness of the researcher tothe subject matter with observation involving external evaluation and recording of events without the interference of the researcher whilst participation represents an internal view in which the researcher records views from within the group by acting, overtly or covertly, as a member in order to experience the actuality of the events. For example, in Humphreys study of homosexuals, he played an active role by acting as lookout for the police whilst the homosexual encounter occurred in public toilets (Humphreys, 1970). Although Humphreys was observing events and gathering data, he was inside the situation that occurred thus his presence had some impact on events; things would not have occurred exactly as they did had he not been present. Examples of a passive role include researchers who observe things as they happen but with no influence at all on the events that unfold, other than by their mere presence. For example, Patton describes researchers who were recording the reactions ofthe audience to Billy Grahams evangelical preaching (Patton, 2002). Their role was to record events without taking any part in the proceedings, althoughtwo researchers were so influenced by his preaching that they put aside theirnotes and joined the congregation. One of the advantages ofparticipant observation is its ability to facilitate the collection of rich information that is frequently not available from other sources (Babbie, 1995). As such, it can be used to supplement, inform or contradict theorised research and it can greatly enhance the available knowledge on a subject as a result. It can be used either as a preliminary step in a research study by which the researcher observes events as they occur in order to formulate a hypothesis for further investigation or it can be used at a more advanced stage of the research in order to test a hypothesis formed on the basis of theoretical research (Patton, 2002). It is believed to elicit real and genuine information that has not been filtered or amended by the research participants as can occur in relation to interview or questionnaire data and, as such, provides unique insights into the subjective viewpoint of the participants in the study. With observation, participants may not realise that they are being watched so they do not moderate their behaviour in any way thus the data gathered in unadulterated. It also provides richer information than interviews or questionnaires because it can take into account non-verbal interaction and behaviour (Berg, 2003). As such, it can be a valuable methodof researching the influence of structures or events on individuals andgroups. There is also the possibility that unexpected and unanticipated events will occur during the course of the observation hence its value in accessing unique data (Berg, 2003). Equally, even with more active participation from the researcher, the subjects of the research may not realise that they are being observed as it is not uncommon for the researcher to obscure their identity by posing as a member of the group or as someone who would naturally come into contact with them. For example, in studies of the way in which mentally ill patients are treated by psychiatrists and others in the medical profession, researchers were admitted into mental health facilities by posing as patients so that they could experience the reality of life within such an environment, something that would not have been possible had they announced their presence and their purpose (Winstein, 1982). As this example demonstrates, participant observation can be a way to access information from those who might be reluctant to give interviews or who would present apolicy-driven view of the subject (Bogdan, 1972). Sometimes, the only way to get around such obstacles is to gain surreptitiou s access to the environment in order to experience directly what is happening (Spradley, 1997). There are limitations to this research method. It can be time-consuming, both in terms of the actual observations and in preparing and analysing the large amount of resultant data. This may make it a less cost-effective means of conducting research (Jorgenson, 1993). A second limitation is that it tends to involve the observation of only a few examples of a particular subject, behaviour or event thus there is a limit to the extent to which the findings are amenable to generalisation (Spradley, 1997). A further criticism that can be levelled against participant observation is that it is inherently subjective as it notonly focuses on a single (or limited number) of particular observations butthat the recording of the resultant data is subject to the interpretation of the researcher (Jorgenson, 1993). Accordingly, there is a possibility of conscious or unconscious bias which is inconsistent with its appearance, particularly in relation to observation rather than participation, of an obj ective and scientific research method. This criticism is furthered in relation to participation because the researcher plays some kind of role inevents that unfold thus is not a mere passive recipient of information but issomeone who contributes to the shape and content of the resultant data (Spradley, 1993). The final criticism of participant observation that needs to be addressed is particularly pertinent to participation by the research andthat is issues of deception of the research subjects and the ethical issuesthat therefore arise. This was demonstrated in Humphreys research with homosexuals as he posed as a member of their community thus accessing data thatwould not have been available without this deception. The practice ofdeception on research subjects is one that needs to be considered carefully when weighing the balance of the strengths and limitations of this research method (Spradley, 1993). Word Count: 1000 Words Bibliography Ackroyd, D. and Hughes, J(1992) Data Collection in Context, 2nd ed., Harlow: Longman Babbie, E (1995) ThePractice of Social Research, Belmont: Wardsworth Berg, BL (2003) QualitativeResearch Methods for the Social Sciences, 5th ed., Harlow: Allyn Bacon Black, T (2002) Understanding Social Research, London: Sage Bogden, R (1972) ParticipantObservation in Institutional Settings, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press Bryman, A (1988) Quantityand Quality in Social Research, Oxford: Routledge Giddens, A (2002) Sociology,4th ed., Cambridge: Polity Press Haralombos, M, Heald, R andHolburn, M (2000) Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, 5thed., London: Harper Collins Humphreys, L (1970) Tea-roomTrade, London: Duckworth Jorgenson, D (1993) ParticipantObservation: a Methodology for Human Studies, Thousand Oaks: SagePublications Patton, MQ (2002) QualitativeResearch and Evaluation Methods, 3rd ed., London: Sage Punch, KF (2001) Introductionto Social Research, London: Sage Sarantokos, S (1998) Social Research, 2nd ed., London: Sage Spradley, JP (1997) ParticipantObservation, New York: Holt Rinehart Winston Winstein, RM (1982) The MentalHospital from the Patients Point of View in WR Gove (Ed) Deviance andMental Illness, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications

History of Dubai and its Architecture

History of Dubai and its Architecture One of seven semi-autonomous states within the United Arab Emirates called Dubai has turned out to be a rising force in the Middle East. Half a centaury ago Dubai was only a focal point were a few thousand weather stricken people somehow pushed and pulled their life ahead collecting picking dates, diving for pearls, or sailing in wooden dhows to trade with Iran and India, Dubai was as poor as any village in Somalia or the Sudan. It was in 1971 the six states namely Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Dubai, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, and Fujairah were united. And in1972 Ras Al-Khaimha joined the unification, The United Arab Emirates (UAE) were thus formally established with declaration from H.H Sheikh Zayed that the UAE was established as an Independent Nation with the aim of maintaining Independence, stability and co-operation. Dubai has a unique new exciting story of more than fifty years. The city has emerged from a poor fishing village to the fastest growing city in the world. Going back to the history, education was given priority in the different Emirates prior to the confederation. The Emirate of Dubai started educating it children in 1954. A few facts about the simplest basics of the country are men out number man in the male to female ratio of the country. All university tuitions are paid for by the states. All books stationary and study materials provided free of charge to the student. If the student works and studies, he/she is paid the salary for the job. From this, the business and infrastructure success story of Dubai is not hard to establish. In the 1990s the three fastest growing cities in the world were Dublin, Las Vegas and Dubai. This has accelerated in the 21st century with 23% population growth in Dubai in the past four years. The present real estate boom is obvious enough, particularly in the Jebel Ali-Dubai corridor. Today Dubai is the trading, business and increasingly financial hub of the Middle East, and for parts of Africa, the CIS and even the Indian subcontinent. Its a vast hinterland for such a small place (Peter J. Cooper 2006). In the 1970s oil wealth turned the UAE from a desert kingdom to a modern metropolis, and its rulers took a keen interest in this development. Not for them the idleness and corruption that afflicted some nations blest with oil wealth. While the oil wealth can be considered as one of the reasons for the growth of Dubai, there are also other factors which could be considered as the key factors in developing the city state to be one of the best in the world. In Dubai the late Sheikh Rashid developed his tiny emirate into a trading hub with the timely development of port infrastructure and a driving ambition to invest oil wealth back into the local economy. Again this was sharply at variance with the policy of investing oil wealth abroad pursued in many countries (Peter J. Cooper 2006). In a yet another move towards the success, Dubai was to become the business and commercial hub of the Middle East. The Dubai Government and the leading local families invested even more into the physical i nfrastructure of the emirate and pursued more and more ambitious plans. Surprisingly, to many observers, most of them succeeded, usually better than expected. Perhaps it was because the Government could act decisively, eliminating red-tape and shortening the planning process to a simple build it there decision by the CEO of Dubai Inc. as Sheikh Mohammed is often known (Peter J. Cooper 2006). The Modern History of Dubai in Brief Within recorded history, Dubai started as a fishing village probably some time in the 18th century. It was a dependency of the sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi and its inhabitants were probably mostly Bani Yas. In 1833 a group of about 800 people of the Al Bu Falasah subsection of the Bani Yas seceded from Abu Dhabi and settled in Dubai. The leaders of the exodus, Ubaid bin Saeed and Maktoum bin Buti, remained joint leaders until the death of the former in 1836. Maktoum bin Buti ruled until he died in 1852, establishing the dynasty of the Al Maktoum rulers in Dubai. Maktoum and most of his successors usually followed a policy of good understanding with the British authorities in the Arabian Gulf (DTCM 2005). The real history of Dubai begins in 1930 when settlement started and began momentum in growth. At that time neighboring Sharjah was the main trading centre on the Trucial Coast, and for the rest of the 19th century Dubai was simply a pearling village with a merchant community. In fact there were three distinct settlements around the Creek and one of them called Bur Dubai was an Arab fishing village on the western side. The Dubai Creek provided one of the few safe anchorages along the southern coast of the Arabian Gulf and served as a haven for dhows despite its hazardous entrance. It was the starting and finishing point for pearling expeditions which, until the invention of cultured pearls in the 1930s, formed the main part of the economy after the 1820 British agreement prevented ship-building. The turn of the 19th century was considered the golden age of the pearl industry. Three thousand vessels were employed in the trade, leaving harbor in May and not returning until mid-Septembe r. Fishing, too, was an important occupation. The Arabian Gulfs warm and shallow waters supported a wide variety of marine life and dhows were built on the foreshore of Dubai Creek (DTCM 2005). Dubai had sufficiently grown to attract settlers from the third world countries namely India, Iran and Baluchistan and so on. The turn of 20th century saw Dubai becoming popular in the modern business world as safe and prosperous port. Dubai was very quick to establish itself as a natural heaven for merchants as the facilities for trade and free enterprises were great. Meanwhile a flourishing Indian population was settling in Dubai and was particularly active in the shops and alleys of the souq. In fact a major factor in the growth of Dubai in the early post-war years was the re-export of gold to India. The cosmopolitan atmosphere and air of tolerance began to attract other foreigners too. Some years later the British made their centre on the coast, establishing a political agency in 1954 (DTCM 2005). However, being the most developed area in the region did not just provide for the adequate infrastructure of Dubai. In spite of the reputation Dubai had by the middle of the 20th century, the city just did not have enough roads, electricity, sewers or telephone. The infrastructure building had started in Dubai even before the discovery of oil in 1969, but once the revenue from the oil began to flow in the building process gained momentum. Trade remained the foundation of the citys wealth, whilst other projects were developed over the next 20 years. The airport became one of the busiest in the area, a large dry-dock complex was developed, the largest artificial port in the world was built at Jebel Ali and Dubai Aluminum Company (DUBAL), which has become one of the emirates largest non-oil related industry, came on-line in 1979 (DTCM 2005). Economic Sustainability through Tourism Industry In the 1980s and early 1990s, Dubai took a strategic decision to emerge as a major international-quality tourism destination. Investments in tourism infrastructure have paid off handsomely over the years. Dubai is now a city that boasts unmatchable hotels, remarkable architecture and world-class entertainment and sporting events (Government f Dubai 2010). Dubai has undergone modernization and urbanization since the 1960s when the area was described as one of barren coastlands largely populated by nomadic tribes where the only occupations were fishing and pearling (Clements, 1998). The details of Dubais tourist arrivals right from the year 1982 shows the fact that the city has turned out to be one of the fastest growing destinations. Stability in economic, social and political domains is essential for tourism as severe disturbance and volatility will deter many tourists, investors and the industry of tour operators and travel agents in generating countries. Dubai is part of the UAE and conditions there are shaped by both federation and emirate governments (Joan C. Henderson 2006). Income from oil made Abu Dhabi the economic powerhouse and financier of the federation, providing the smaller emirates with a standard of living and degree of security that would otherwise be unavailable to them. The other emirates meanwhile provide Abu Dhabi with a demographic and geographic collective strength that it would lack acting alone (EIU, 2005a, p. 5). Dubai now began to act as the financial and commercial nexus of Gulf. The successful economic returns from the investment made on tourism in any country depend on the convenience of transport mainly the access through air. Dubai has done every thing to be an air transport hub. The home airline company called emirates flies very long routes to almost all the countries and destinations of the world. The company helps to bring tourist from the far away places such as fifteen hour rout to Sao Paulo, then seventeen hour trips to Los angels and San Francisco, then the fourteen hour flight to Sydney. It also flies to most of the major cities in Europe which provides Dubai with a lot of tourists. It flies to all the major cities to Africa, Middle East and South Asia. Most importantly all this routs are being extremely profitable (Jim Krane 2009). A US$4.1 billion upgrading is underway which will enable the airport to handle 40 million passengers by 2010 and 100 million by 2025 (Matthews, 2003). Owning the largest Arab Airline Emirates has made it possible for the government of Dubai to succeed in developing and maintaining stable inputs to its economy. Accounts of Dubai usually comment on the partiality of officials and developers for the ostentatious, which is manifest in accommodation projects and attractions such as the US$5 billion Dubailand theme park. This will occupy two billion square feet of land and take 15 years to complete under the aegis of the Dubai Tourism Development Company (DTDC), an operating arm of the Dubai Development and Investment Authority (DDIA). The stated purpose is to make Dubai the ultimate fun and leisure centre of the Middle East augmenting the supply of indoor attractions, which are independent of weather and have all year round appeal to multiple markets, not least families with children. In another illustration, Ski Dubai opened in 2005 within the Mall of the Emirates, reportedly the largest shopping space outside of the USA, and sells skiing and snow related pursuits in a winter wonderland of sub-zero temperatures. The Crown Prince has said that only 10% of his visions for Dubai have been enacted, implying other such ambitious ventures are likely (Joan C. Henderson 2006). An Unparallel Workforce Another reason for Dubai to be on the top in terms of infrastructural growth and development is its unmatched workforce which gets the least contribution from the locale flock. Numbers may be keys to the nature of Dubais workforce and its economy. According to a 2005 government report, 97.13 per cent of Dubais total labour force is foreign. The second number mostly likely unknown is the percentage of those foreign workers who have come to regard Dubai as home or would like to make it their permanent home. Many of these expats came to Dubai 15 to 20 years ago for a two-year stint, liked it and stayed. The third number, also from the government, is that only five per cent of Emiratis are employed in the private sector (Rod Monger 2007). Almost every one in a company, starting from the administrative level to the last one on the lower level labor, is imported and the positive aspect of this phenomenon is the advantage Dubai gets on molding its workforce in a way the city needed with t he lowest cost. At the same time, the work force of Dubai is an enthusiastic lot, it growing in terms of loyalty and commitment, in spite of the fact that they are treated with substandard facilities for the cost control (Jim Krane 2009). This commitment had played an important part in making the city look one of the best destinations in the world. Building Landmarks The Chicago Beach Hotel, which continuously recorded 80% occupancy in consecutive years, was a money making machine in Dubai in 1990s. British engineering firm called W.S Atkins forwarded a proposal for another beachfront hotel to be named as the Jumeirah Beach Hotel. The company was given permission to proceed with the project which had to include a tower too on approval. The company has hired an architect named Tom Wright who hardly had any experience in building hotels. But as thoughtful as he is Tom new that the Sheikh needed something tall and iconic, discussing on this concept he came up with a giant arch in the Islamic style. Sketching it out, the drawings showed a huge sail shaped building of 1300 feet tall, jutting from the sea floor waves lapping at its base. The building leaned over the sea and a cable car ran from shore to its peak. The other access came from an undersea tunnel. The structure was more Iconic than demanded but it was impossible. Wright straightened it up m oved it from seafloor to a small man made island and traded the cable car for helipad. A causeway bridge replaced the tunnel. They scaled back the height to a thousand feet (Jim Krane 2009). The work began in 1994. When people thought of it as a new Beach Hotel, to the Sheikh the iconic building was much more than that. The tower was the symbol of his pride as an Arab. The building was to be The Tower of the Arab- Burj Al Arab. The budget was unlimited, even when Sheikh Mohammad knew that the hotel will never pay for itself. He never let that scope of profit cramp the concept of Burj li Arab. The idea of locating the building on a man-made island was thought over again by the Sheikh. He imagined it both on island and mainland. The Island was much more time consuming and costly where as there was nothing unique about it is being located in the mainland. At last Sheikh opted for it to be in the Island (Kim Krane 2009). By 1999 Burj was a wonder around the world. The sight of the blue and white tower is a mind-blowing sight. Burj Al Arab turned out to be exactly what the sheikh Mohammad wanted an icon easily recognizable. Burj attracted quiet a lot of tourist who would spen d lavishly. Moreover, a genius series of promotion followed like Andre Agassi and Roger Federer were found whacking volleys on the helipad. Later on Tiger Woods drove ball from the same spot. Tourism made up nearly a quarter of the citys economy $ 8 billion in 2006. The Emirates aim is to host nearly 15 million tourists a year by 2015 (Tim Krane 2009). Though the economic scenario at large indicates that goal may fall a little short of. The growth and success of Dubai is undeniable. Burj Dubai There was already a hand full of building and a formidable infrastructure when the Burj Dubai project came up. But the Wlter Landors believed in their own guiding principle that Products are made in the factory, but brands are made in the mind. At this point, the product didnt exist. Still they invited prospective bidders to experience the brand. They fashioned a multisensory presentation centre, wrote books and designed websites, had invitations etched, fragrances con ­cocted, and parties thrown. A blazing Dubai sun finally rose on the first day for apartment bids. There was no second day. In less than 24 hours, every apartment-to-be was spoken for, netting more than half a billion dollars. Even by the heady standards of the region, the branding of the Burj Dubai was off to an exceptional start (Landor 2008). Emmar had it in mind through the project of Burj Dubai not only the city but the entire region which is often neglected by the media, was going to be in the limelight. There was a sophisticated linear approach that was extended into a comprehensive design style to reinforce the brands concept of pre-eminence. The word mark, typography, look and feel, voice and imagery, and even colour palette reflect prestige. In contrast to the over-the-top golds and bright colors prevalent in other Dubai premier develop-ments, Landor chose understated tones echoing the buildings finishes of stainless steel and aluminum and set them off with a sharp green accent inspired by the carpenters levels found in the hands of hundreds of architects, engineers, and craftspeople building the tower (Landor 2008). The project basically was a multi-use development tower with a total floor area of 460,000 square meters that includes residential, hotel, commercial, office, entertainment, shopping, leisure, and parking facilities. The project was designed to be the centerpiece of the large scale Burj Dubai Development that rises into the sky to an unprecedented height that exceeds 700 meters and that consists of more than 160 floors (Ahmad Abdelrazaq 2008). At the turn of the century no one really had thought about such a construction. Coming from a city were the construction industry was in the infancy, the Burj Dubai project has shown to the world that tall building system development is always directly related to the latest developments in material technologies, structural engineering theories, wind engineering, seismic engineering, computer technologies, and construction methods. The Burj Dubai project capitalizes on advancements in these technologies, advancing the development of super tall buildings and the art of structural engineering (Ahmad Abdelrazaq 2008). The Booming Growth Is Boosted In the year 2000, the Burj Al Arab was already being a host to the excited wealthy tourist from around the world. The Arab nation was still overwhelmed in the amazing aesthetics of the new construction, the world witnessed one of its toughest times. The economy at large shuddered under heavy recessions. The money burning dotcom companies ran out of cash and went out of business. Gulf foreign investors were holding crumpling assets and in the west and around the world. Adding to the economic back drop of the US, nineteen Arabs crashed passengers jets into the World Trade Centre, Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania. This caused the US stock market a further down slide. The newly elected president George W. Bush who found himself in the white house with disputed elections consoled the people America saying the terrorists might have been successfully shaken the foundations of some of the mightiest structures in the United states, but they would never succeed in shaking the foundations o f the mightiest nation on the face of the earth. Still the fact remains true that the nation has not yet abated the fear and economic worry the September 11 attack has brought upon the nation. The post September 11 United States was not an ideal place for investing as far as the Arabs were concerned. On the contrary, in Dubai, September 11 attack started the beginning of the years long economic boom. In fact the attack played a role in boosting this economic investment and viability in the gulf region. The rage toward Arabs in America increased and the country fought many wars after. The Arabs who had invested in US pulled back billions of dollars and send back to their Home country. No one was interested and dared to invest in country which was at war. Cash poured into Dubai, as the reports say before September 11 attacks as much as $25 billion a year was put into US investment. Where as, the figures came down to just $1.2 billion between 2001 and 2003. Most of the missing money has been made to play itself in Dubai where the potential was felt to be very high. Further, in 2001 Dubais urban area was a narrow strip along the sea shore. By 2008 Dubai was almost as big as Huston. With man made Island rising from the sea and constructions sprawling deep into the desert. The Two Fold Advantage of Dubais labor market Outsourcing Dubai is not a city with immense industrial infrastructure. This diverse multicultural city has an international community of almost 1.5 million people from about 170 nations. This committed workforce contributes to the growing economy which mainly derives from trade, manufacturing and mainly tourism. The strategy of labor market outsourcing helps the third world countries just as it help their own country. When many rich nations claim to be in the business of economic development, they seldom let poor nations to play by the same rules that richer countries use to promote growth. Above all, going back to the beauty and uniqueness of Dubai, Dubai is a modern costal city located at the heart of the Middle East. It is charming and sophisticated; the beautiful Burj Al Arab hotel presiding over the coastline of Jumeira beach is the worlds only hotel with a seven star rating. The Emirates Towers are one of the many structures that remind us of the commercial confidence in a city that expands at a remarkable rate. Standing 350 meters high, the office tower is the tallest building in the Middle East and Europe. Dubai also hosts major international sporting events. The Dubai Desert Classic is a major stop on the Professional Golf Association tour. The Dubai Open, an ATP tennis tournament, and the Dubai World Cup, the worlds richest horse race, draw thousands every year (Government of Dubai 2010). References Ahmad Abdelrazaq (2008) Brief on Construction Planning of the Burj Dubai Project CTBUH 8th world congress. Clements F. (1998). United Arab Emirates. Clio Press: Oxford. DTCM (2005), Dubai-Modern History; Dubai Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing. EIU. 2005a. United Arab Emirates Country Profile 2005. The Economist Intelligence Unit: London. Government of Dubai (2010) Dubai History; The official Portal of Dubai Government http://www.dubai.ae/en.portal?topic,Article_000240,0,_nfpb=true_pageLabel=home Joan C. Henderson (2006) Tourism in Dubai: Overcoming Barriers Destination Development Nanyang Business School, Nanyang technological University. Singapore. Peter J. Cooper (2006), Why Dubai?: Anatomy of a Business Success story. AME Info; the Ultimate Middle East Business resource. Jim Krane (2009) The Story of the worlds Fastest City: Atlantic ISBN 9781848870086 Landor (2008) Burj Dubai the Building of an Icon; Landor Associates, April 2008. Mathews N. 2003. Expansion spree: airports in the Middle East will be building new runways and terminals through 2015. Aviation Week and Space Technology 159(22): 42. Rod Monger (2007) Sculpting Dubais Workforce; Special to Gulf News http://gulfnews.com/business/features/sculpting-dubai-s-workforce-1.171750